Proto-rəgyam Vocabulary

lɘ̄ɘexist (intrans.)
ŋɑ́equal (trans.)
ʔɛ̰ɛgive, dative, benefactive, genitive (trans.)
sæ̤uobject of a transitive causative verb (trans.)
mɑ̀instrumental, comitative (trans.)
hōcomparative (i.e. "than") (trans.)
lɛ̰conditional (trans.)
ʔɔ̤mreason (trans.)
ɾɑ̤comparison (i.e. "like", "as") (trans.)
go̰ktopic (i.e. "about") (trans.)
sɔ́ɔgo to somewhere (intrans.)
kǽgo from somewhere (intrans.)
ŋōgo through somewhere (intrans.)
ɓíngo up (intrans.)
jɑ̰ɑgo down (intrans.)
wígo forward (intrans.)
tɜ̤ɜgo back (intrans.)
nɨ̰be in (trans.)
ʔɑ́ibe outside (trans.)
kʰo̤be here (intrans.)
sɑ̰ibe there (intrans.)
ni̤stay, remain (intrans.)
tʰɑ̀stand, be at (trans.)
kɑ́ɑsit, be on (while partially in contact) (trans.)
pɔ̄lie on, be on (while fully in contact) (trans.)
cʰɑ̰ibe at a time (trans.)
ɲɔ̤ɔnbe during a time (trans.)
ɟúkbe before a time, be in front of something (trans.)
klɔ́be after a time, be behind something (trans.)
cǽmbe over, above something (trans.)
gìbe under, below something (trans.)
nṵbe between things (trans.)
lōotowards, in the direction of (trans.)
tɑ̰iaway from (trans.)
ʔōkbe a number of times (trans.)
wìtexcept for, aside from (trans.)
gúapart (recip.)
lɑ́ɑdo (trans.)
mɔ̀ɔcreate (trans.)
sæ̰ŋbecome (trans.)
ɲḛemhappen (intrans.)
sɨ̄ːkneed (trans.)
ɟɜ́use (trans.)
tʰṵujoin (trans.)
lɨ̰ɨwork (intrans.)
ɟóact, behave (intrans.)
ŋékfail (intrans.)
kɘ̤want (trans.)
ɟǣsee, look (trans.)
cʰɑ̄kwatch (trans.)
kíneat (trans.)
gɾèdrink (trans.)
mīnsay (trans.)
ɲɘ̰speak (intrans.)
júname (trans.)
ɟḛetake (trans.)
ʔɐcʰɑ́ucount (trans.)
síknow (trans.)
kɑ̤think (trans.)
hæ̤believe (trans.)
ʔɪkɑ̤understand (trans.)
blɛ̰remember (trans.)
ɾóoforget (trans.)
ɲɛ̀kmean, intend (trans.)
ŋìmhas meaning (trans.)
ŋe̤kwish (trans.)
mɔ̰kwonder (about, at) (trans.)
tʰɛ̀hear (trans.)
nénfeel (intrans.)
lḛtsense (trans.)
wɑ̤ɑto be frustrated (intrans.)
kʰlǽgive birth (trans.)
kɾɛ́seem, appear, look (intrans.)
pɘ̤ɘwalk (intrans.)
tǣirun (intrans.)
mḭride (trans.)
klɑ́swim (trans.)
ɓɑ̀ɨjump (intrans.)
pʰùtclimb (trans.)
ŋɑ̀mopen (intrans.)
ʔʊpɾɜ̄close (intrans.)
ɟǽkturn (intrans.)
ɗɑ̄ɨfall (intrans.)
tʰɛ̰mflow (intrans.)
kʰúummove (intrans.)
ɲɛ̤ɛnpush (trans.)
ɾǣiŋpull (trans.)
ɲìitcarry (trans.)
ŋṳthold (trans.)
ʔɐkʰɔ́ptouch (trans.)
nʊɓæ̀grip (trans.)
plɑ̤kfeel an object (trans.)
bɾùnfind (trans.)
cɑ̰ɨshow (trans.)
li̤ŋhide (trans.)
glɑ́like (trans.)
ɟénlove (trans.)
cʰḭkown (trans.)
mɛ̤ɛnpay (trans.)
mɑ̄ɑkeven, including (trans.)
ʔɪkʰɔ̰mexplain (trans.)
blɑ̰imix (trans.)
ɗæ̀implay (intrans.)
ʔɨŋɔ̤tnurture (trans.)
tóonscratch (trans.)
ʔɪtóonwrite (trans.)
ʔɐkʰæ̀ibother (trans.)
ʔɪɗɑ̤stare (intrans.)
kʰɐkʰǽŋstartle (trans.)
slǽchoose (trans.)
ɾɑ̤klead (trans.)
ʔɐnīincopy (trans.)
glɑ̀idiffer (recip.)
ɗʊcʰɑ̤umerge (recip.)
gɐhɑ̤icontain (trans.)
mēesend (trans.)
kɐse̤kfarm (trans.)
sʊkɑ̰maul (trans.)
ʔʊkʰɛ̀ɛpost (trans.)
nɨ̄ɨphurt (trans.)
ɾɘ̀kcross (trans.)
ɾɔ́ɔtchange, modify (trans.)
nɜ̰trefer to (trans.)
ɾúugrow (intrans.)
ɡɾɑ̀usplit, separate (trans.)
ʔɐmæ̰ucourt, date (trans.)
sɪlæ̤marry (trans.)
klɑ̄krule (trans.)
ŋūnalive
kʰæ̰mdead
kʰɜ́large
dɑ̀small
ɓɑ̄ugreat
ʔǽustrong
ɓíinweak
ɗɔ̄tgood
mæ̤ŋbad
nɑ́kpoor, badly
jɑ̤ɑkcorrect, proper
sæ̰ŋrandom, unpredictable
ʔɘ̄nanti-
mɑ̤ɨwell
ɲɛ̄sick, ill
ʔɐkɾìlong, tall
cɔ̀ɔkshort
ʔɐlɑ̄high
kɾúulow
tɛ̰ɛnew
ʔɨkìold
mi̤early
cɨsɛ̰late
ɾɑ̄ɑright (e.g. correct, ordered, etc.)
cʰɑ̀uwrong
kʰɑ̄idifferent
nɔ́pactive, enabled
kæ̀tinactive, disabled
nɨ̄tthick
no̤nthin
bɨjɑ́wide
næ̀mnarrow
pɪkúeasy
sūtdifficult
jʊhɑ̄ksoft
lɑ̰ɑhard
ɾòoksmooth
ʔɪkʰɑ̰ŋrough
kɾīinflat
cʰɑ́itsquiggly
nùunpointed
ɾɪtʰǽnear
gɔ̄ɔfar
ɓɛ̄ɛlight
kɪnǽiheavy
ʔɐɓɑ̤isimple
sɪkʰɔ́mcomplex
ɾɑ̄utight
lémloose
lɜ̰ɜnbright
ɗɾèndark
nɨ̄nquiet
ʔɨɓɑ̀nloud
bɨhɑ̀ɑslow
ŋɑ́ifast
kɐɗínhappy
ɲóosad
pɑ̤ɑangry
ɾɑ̰ibored
sùpjoyful
tʰùuscared
lǣæempty
pɔ́kfull
ʔɨmɔ̀wet
mḛedry
mǣireal
ɗɑ̄phonest
kʰɑ̤tfake, false
ɓɔ̤ɔmother
ɗɨ̀msame
pʰɑ̤konly
ɗɾɛ̄klazy
ɓɛ̰ŋserious
ʔɐsɔ̀ktired
tɾǽkcrazy
ʔɪhɑ̤psane
tōkidiotic
ɗéekhorrible
wɑ̀ɑclean
kṵundirty
sūŋnext
tɾìnprevious
ɟe̤pfortunate
bɑ̄kunfortunate
ʔɪnṳupfuture
ɟúkpresent
ʔɐhóŋpast
nɪkɛ́msmart, intelligent
ʔɨɡɔ̰tdumb, stupid
sʊmɑ́kstrange, weird
sòpbeautiful
nīimplain
sʊhæ̤cute
kʰɑ̄ɑkugly
ʔɪcɔ̰kglad
hɨnɑ̄ɑmcalm
kɨkɑ̄plucky
nʊmɑ́extra
yɑ̤nblack
ɓómwhite
dɛ̀kred
hīibrown
lɛ̤ɛngray
ɾímyellow
lɑ̰ugreen
mɜ̀tblue, purple
hɨ̄mone
kɾæ̀two
bɔ̰three
jʊcékfour
tɑ̀ufive
mi̤tten
gɐmi̤ttwelve
ʔòttwenty
ɗæ̰ihundred
gɐɗæ̰ione hundred and twenty
lɛ́ɛone thousand
gɐlɛ́ɛone thousand two hundred
kʰǣuten thousand
gɐkʰǣutwelve thousand
kʰɔ̄thing (may take any classifier corresponding to any inanimate object)
nùunliving thing (may take any classifier corresponding to any living thing)
lɑ̤ugroup (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
næ̰ibunch (classifier: kǣ)
ɟɑ̀mpart (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
lònplace (classifier: mɑ́t or sɛ̤k)
tʰæ̤nway, manner (classifer: gɛ̤ɛ)
pʰɑ̀ɑŋkind (classifer: gɛ̤ɛ)
pʰīkmatter, issue (classifier: sɔ̄m)
ɓo̰khuman (classifier: bɑ̰)
níkman (classifier: bɑ̰)
sòwoman (classifier: bɑ̰)
ɾǣɨchild (classifier: ʔíi)
jɔ̀ɔbaby (classifier: ʔíi)
jʊwɛ́ŋyoung boy (classifier: ʔíi)
jʊsɨ̄ɨmyoung girl (classifier: ʔíi)
wɛ́ŋolder boy, male young adult (classifier: ʔíi or bɑ̰)
sɨ̄ɨmolder girl, female young adult (classifier: ʔíi or bɑ̰)
lɐgæ̀kmother (classifier: bɑ̰)
jɨhɑ̰ɑfather (classifier: bɑ̰)
lɔ̄ŋson (classifier: bɑ̰ or ʔíi)
mɪɾɛ̤daughter (classifier: bɑ̰ or ʔíi)
wǽisibling (classifier: bɑ̰ or ʔíi)
ʔɐɲébrother (classifier: bɑ̰ or ʔíi)
lo̰sister (classifier: bɑ̰ or ʔíi)
lɐwɔ́ɔmaternal grandmother (classifier: bɑ̰)
cʰɨ̄maternal grandfather (classifier: bɑ̰)
mōpaternal grandmother (classifier: bɑ̰)
jɨkɜ̰ɜpaternal grandfather (classifier: bɑ̰)
pʰɑ̤husband (classifier: bɑ̰)
dùwife (classifier: bɑ̰)
ʔɐɓæ̰ipartner (classifier: bɑ̰)
ɓɔ̄ɔklord, high-status man (classifier: cʰɑ́ or bɑ̰)
cæ̀imlady, high-status woman (classifier: cʰɑ́ or bɑ̰)
sʊlæ̰ipeasant (classifier: bɑ̰ or mɘ̤)
kʰɛ́ɛmslave (classifier: bɑ̰ or mɘ̤)
hɛ̀ɛnenemy (classifier: bɑ̰)
sɨɟǣmtribe, people, nation (classifier: cɑ̀p)
tɪhǽurole (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
jo̤oanimal (classifier: cík, ɟæ̀u, or cæ̰i)
ʔɐjɑ̀thome (classifier: kǣ)
ɟɑ̤uhouse (classifier, sɛ̤k)
hæ̀mvillage, hamlet (classifier: ɗɜ̤ɜn)
ɓɔ̰ɔntown (classifier: ɗɜ̤ɜn)
ʔɨsṵumcity (classifier: lɑ́i)
ʔɐtʰḭmland (classifier: mɑ́t or hì)
ʔɑ̄ukcountry (classifier: cɑ̀p)
kòpfield (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
jɛ̀mhill (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
cɑ̀iŋmountain (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
kʰòknorth (classifier: hì)
mɑ̰ɨnsouth (classifier: hì)
næ̤iteast (classifier: hì)
súukwest (classifier: hì)
mǣunice (classifier: kǣ)
wɔ̄ɔnsky (classifier: pím)
ɓɛ́nday, 24 hour hours (classifier: nɨ̄ŋ)
tʰɨ̰ŋlanguage variety (classifier: tæ̀)
cɨɓo̰krəgyam-family language (classifier: tæ̀)
cɨhɛ̀ɛnTshyak-family language (classifier: tæ̀)
nǣtyoung (classifier: cík, cæ̰i, or ɟæ̀u)
ɟɔ̤pcat (classifier: cæ̰i or ɟæ̀u)
ʔɐjɑ̄mdog (classifier: cæ̰i or ɟæ̀u)
gḛtbird (classifier: cík)
cʰǣptiger (classifier: cæ̰i)
ʔɨɗɔ̤ɔtlion (classifier: cæ̰i)
hɐkéenbear (classifier: cæ̰i)
cɑ̀ɑnduck (classifier: cík or ɟæ̀u)
wóŋpig (classifier: ɟæ̀u)
lɜ̀tdeer (classifier: cík)
kʰɘ̤ɘnsnake (classifier: cík)
ɾɘ̤kleaf (classifier: kǣ)
ʔɐɓēt(non-tree) plant (classifier: múu)
kʰlɑ̀mtree (classifier: ɗǣɨ)
bɜ̤tnose (classifier: lɘ̰)
ʔɐɗɔ̀psound (classifier: kǣ)
ɓɨhǣiword (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
ʔɐwæ̀ŋphrase (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
dɪhæ̤usentence (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
mɪkǽæsymbol (classifier: kǣ)
ɓɨtʰùclass (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
wɐnḭpitch, tone (classifier: kǣ)
jʊhæ̰rule (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
cʰɜ̀minstruction (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
ʔɐɟīmaction (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
cɐpɑ̤mood (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
tɪpɑ́sarcasm (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
ʔʊbɑ̤time (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
lɑ̤umidea (classifier: sɔ̄m)
tɨɓṳsex, gender (classifier: gɛ̤ɛ)
ʔɐlɑ̀problem (classifier: sɔ̄m)
ʔɐkæ̰iexample (classifier: sɔ̄m)
nɐpɑ̀ireason (classifier: sɔ̄m)
pʰɑ̤mvictory (classifier: sɔ̄m)
ʔɐdīindefeat (classifier: sɔ̄m)
pɐkḭimweapon (classifier: kǣ)
mɐlḛkbox (classifier: kǣ)
gʊkɑ̤imbutton (classifier: kǣ)
nʊhɑ̰cup (classifier: kǣ)
sṵudish (classifier: kǣ)
ne̤etrough (classifier: kǣ)
ɾɪmɜ̀kpuff (classifier: kǣ)
sɐhɑ̰pmistake (classifier: kʰù)
nɪŋæ̰brain (classifier: lɘ̰)
ŋḛdisease (classifier: kʰù)
ɾɔ̤ɔair (classifier: lé)
ɲǽuwater (classifier: lé)
nītsoil (classifier: lé)
sōtsand (classifier: lé)
lɔ́kash (classifier: lé)
wɑ̀pice (classifier: jḛ)
jɐnɑ̄gravel, pebbles (classifier: ʔɨ̰ɨ)
lɑ̀tmassive stone, rock (classifier: jḛ)
tɔ́individual stones, rocks (classifier: hæ̀)
ɾīitwood (classifier: jḛ)
cɑ̤krust (classifier: lé)
ɲɛ̄kgrass (classifier: múu)
wōttree (classifier: ɗǣɨ)
nɔ̄kstick (classifier: sɑ́u)
kɔ́ɔreed (classifier: sɑ́u)
ʔɜ̄ɜmpole (classifier: sɑ́u)
mēmlong, narrow board (classifier: sɑ́u)
mɛ̄trice (classifier: hṳu)
ɾɑ́nmeat (classifier: hṳu)
hǣækfish (classifier: hṳu)
mɑ́kdog (classifier: ɟæ̀u)
lɜ́ɜtchicken (classifier: hṳu, ɟæ̀u)
ʔɐnɑ́ɑpig/pork (classifier: hṳu, ɟæ̀u)
ɾìkhouse (classifier: sɛ̤k)
ɓǽnvillage, hamlet (classifier: ɗɜ̤ɜn)
ɓɑ̄khill (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
wɑ́ɑtpond (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
ɟɔ̄msmaller lake (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
pʰɑ̤ɑisland (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
ŋo̰oplain (classifier: tʰɛ̄ɛ)
ɗɜ̤tlarger lake, sea (classifier: hì)
pʰɛ̄krice paddy (classifier: mɑ́t)
ʔɐɟɑ̄ɑvillage square (classifier: mɑ́t)
dɛ̄ɛpath, road (classifier: mɑ́t)
ʔɪɾǣfence (classifier: sɑ́u)
tʰɔ̄ɔkwall (classifier: ɓɜ̤)
sɛ̤ɛtsheet (classifier: dɾɔ̰ɔ)
jōokwide board, table (classifier: dɾɔ̰ɔ)
hɜ̄ncloth (classifier: dɾɔ̰ɔ)
hɑ́kshirt, blouse (classifier: lǽk)
ɟɔ́ɔtpants (classifier: lǽk)
mùuskirt (classifier: lǽk)
cōoshoe, sandal (classifier: lǽk)
jénsleeve (classifier: lǽk)
hæ̤æmline (classifier: kǣ)
ɲɑ̀uloop (classifier: kǣ)

Go back to the Proto-rəgyam page.

Go back to the main page.