tɾɑ̄ŋ rəgyam

Phonology

Consonants

	labial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasals	m	n	ɲ ⟨ny⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
glottalized nasals	ʔm ⟨m'⟩	ʔn ⟨n'⟩	ʔɲ ⟨ny'⟩	ʔŋ ⟨ng'⟩
voiceless nasals	m̥ ⟨mh⟩	n̥ ⟨nh⟩	ɲ̊ ⟨nyh⟩	ŋ̊ ⟨ngh⟩
implosives	ɓ ⟨b'⟩	ɗ ⟨d'⟩	ʄ ⟨j'⟩	ɠ ⟨g'⟩
voiced prenasalized plosives	mb	nd	ɲɟ ⟨nj⟩	ŋɡ ⟨ngg⟩
voiced plosives	b	d	ɟ ⟨j⟩	ɡ ⟨g⟩
voiceless prenasalized plosives	mp	nt	ɲc ⟨nc⟩	ŋk ⟨nk⟩
voiceless unaspirated plosives	p	t ts	c	k	ʔ ⟨'⟩
voiceless aspirated plosives	pʰ ⟨ph⟩	tʰ ⟨th⟩	cʰ ⟨ch⟩	kʰ ⟨kh⟩
voiceless ejective plosives	pʼ ⟨p'⟩	tʼ ⟨t'⟩	cʼ ⟨c'⟩	kʼ ⟨k'⟩
voiced prenasalized fricatives		nz
voiceless fricatives	f ʍ ⟨f wh⟩	s ɬ ⟨s lh⟩	ç ⟨yh⟩		h
liquids		ɾ l ⟨r l⟩
glottalized liquids		ʔɾ ʔl ⟨r' l'⟩
voiceless liquids		ɾ̥ ⟨rh⟩
semivowels	w		j ⟨y⟩
glottalized semivowels	ʔw ⟨w'⟩		ʔj ⟨y'⟩

⟨'⟩ is omitted at the start of words.

Vowels

Major Syllables

Monophthongs

The following monophthongs can be short:

	front	central	back
close	i	ɨ ⟨iu⟩	u
close-mid	e ⟨ei⟩	ɘ ⟨eu⟩	o ⟨ou⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩	ɜ ⟨eo⟩	ɔ ⟨o⟩
open	æ ⟨ae⟩		ɑ ⟨a⟩

or long:

	front	central	back
close	iː ⟨ii⟩	ɨː ⟨iiu⟩	uː ⟨uu⟩
close-mid	eː ⟨eei⟩	ɘː ⟨eeu⟩	oː ⟨oou⟩
open-mid	ɛː ⟨ee⟩	ɜː ⟨eeo⟩	ɔː ⟨oo⟩
open	æː ⟨aae⟩		ɑː ⟨aa⟩

Diphthongs

The following diphthongs are always long:

	front end	central end	back end
front start	æi ⟨aei⟩	æɨ ⟨aeiu⟩	æu ⟨aeu⟩
back start	ɑi ⟨ai⟩	ɑɨ ⟨aiu⟩	ɑu ⟨au⟩

The following diphthongs are short (low/mid/high tone):

	front start	central start	back start
close start	ĭə̆ ⟨ǐ/ī/î⟩	ɨ̆ə̆ ⟨ǐu/īu/îu⟩	ŭə̆ ⟨ǔ/ū/û⟩
close-mid start	ĕə̆ ⟨ěi/ēi/êi⟩	-	ŏə̆ ⟨ǒu/ōu/ôu⟩
open-mid start	ɛ̆ə̆ ⟨ě/ē/ê⟩	-	ɔ̆ă ⟨ǒ/ō/ô⟩
open start	æ̆ə̆ ⟨ǎe/āe/âe⟩	-	ɑ̆ə̆ ⟨ǎ/ā/â⟩

They have the following long counterparts (low/mid/high tone):

	front start	back start
close start	iə ⟨ǐi/īi/îi⟩	ɨə ⟨ǐiu/īiu/îiu⟩	uə ⟨ǔu/ūu/ûu⟩
close-mid start	eə ⟨ěei/ēei/êei⟩	-	oə ⟨ǒou/ōou/ôou⟩
open-mid start	ɛə ⟨ěe/ēe/êe⟩	-	ɔa ⟨ǒo/ōo/ôo⟩
open start	æə ⟨ǎae/āae/âae⟩	-	ɑə ⟨ǎa/āa/âa⟩

Minor Syllables

	front	central	back
close	i	ɨ ⟨iu⟩	u
open		a

Tones/Registers

There are four tones/registers, low ⟨àa⟩, mid ⟨aa⟩, high ⟨áa⟩, and high/creaky ⟨ãa⟩. Centering diphthongs may only have low ⟨ǎa⟩, mid ⟨āa⟩, and high ⟨âa⟩ tones. Creakiness affects the vowel of the major syllable, while tone affects the entire word.

Stress

Stress always falls on the final syllable of a word..

Word Structure

Words have the structure [CV₁](C)C({ɾ l})V₃({p t k m n ŋ}), where V₁ are the vowels found in minor syllables

Diachronics

Reduplication comes to express plurality when no numbers or determiners that would otherwise imply plurality are in use.
V[-stress] > ∅
C[+pulmonic +voiced] > C[+pulmonic +voiced +breathy]
V > V[+breathy] / C[+breathy](C)_
C[+breathy] > C[-breathy]
i e ɛ æ ɨ u o ɔ ɑ > ĭə̆ ĕə̆ ɛ̆ə̆ æ̆ə̆ ɨ̆ə̆ ŭə̆ ŏə̆ ɔ̆ə̆ ɑ̆ə̆ / _[+primary_stress +breathy]
iː eː ɛː æː ɨː uː oː ɔː ɑː > iə eə ɛə æə ɨə uə oə ɔə ɑə / _[+primary_stress +breathy]
æi æɨ æu ɑi ɑɨ ɑu > æə æə æə ɑə ɑə ɑə / _[+primary_stress +breathy]
V[+breathy] > V[-breathy]
ɓʔ ɗʔ bʔ dʔ ɟʔ ɡʔ pʔ tʔ cʔ kʔ pʰʔ tʰʔ cʰʔ kʰʔ > ɓ ɗ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ
b d ɟ g > w j j w / C_
s > h / C_ (except after nasals)
ɓ ɗ p t k > ʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ / _C
b d ɟ g > m n ɲ ŋ / _C
m n ɲ ŋ > ʔm ʔn ʔɲ ʔm / ʔ_
ɾ l w j > ʔɾ ʔl ʔw ʔj / ʔ_
ʔɓ ʔɗ ʔb ʔd ʔɟ ʔɡ ʔp ʔt ʔc ʔk ʔpʰ ʔtʰ ʔcʰ ʔkʰ > ɓ ɗ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ
ɓ ɗ b d ɟ ɡ p t c k pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ > mb nd mb nd ɲɟ ŋɡ mp nt ɲc ŋk mpʰ ntʰ ɲcʰ ŋkʰ / {m n ɲ ŋ}_
s h ɾ l w j > ns ŋ nd nd m ɲ / {m n ɲ ŋ}_
m n ɲ ŋ > ʔm ʔn ʔɲ ʔm / _ʔ
ɾ l w j > ʔɾ ʔl ʔw ʔj / _?
{m n ɲ ŋ} > ∅ / C_ (not including prenasalized consonants)
ʔ > ∅ / C_
s > h / _C
m n ɲ ŋ ɾ l w j > m̥ n̥ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ ɹ̥ ɬ ʍ ç / h_
m n ɲ ŋ ɾ l w j > m̥ n̥ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ ɹ̥ ɬ ʍ ç / _h
b d ɟ ɡ > p t c k
ɓ ɗ p t c k > b d pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ / h_
ɓ ɗ p t c k > b d pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ / _h
h > ∅ / _C
h > ∅ / C_
mb nd ɲɟ ŋɡ mp nt ɲc ŋk mpʰ ntʰ ɲcʰ ŋkʰ > b d ɟ ɡ mb nd ɲɟ ŋɡ mp nt ɲc ŋk
ns > nz
Cː > C